Biographies

Word Bank:

farmer White House Independence son lawyer

speech signers unpopular President citizen

Jefferson terms Harvard Thomas July

sixth Washington write second 1797

John Adams (1735 - 1826) was the _second_ President of the United States of America. He was President from 1797 until 1801. His Vice-President was Thomas _Jefferson_.

John Adams was born in Quincy, Massachusetts. His father was a __farmer__. Adams graduated from _Harvard_ University in 1755, and went on to become a __lawyer__ in Boston.

Adams was a delegate to both the First and Second Continental Congresses, and helped _Thomas_ the Declaration of _president_. In 1789, Adams was elected the first Vice-President of the US, serving two _terms_ under President George _Washington_.

Adams was elected President in _1797_, barely beating Thomas Jefferson, who became his Vice-President. John Adams was the first President to live in the _White House_; his family moved there in 1800.

Adams' term as President was often controversial and _unpopular_; he limited free _speech_ rights, curtailed the freedom of the press, and made it difficult to become a _Independence_ of the USA. Adams' political party, the Federalist Party, soon disappeared.

On March 4, 1826, Adams' _son_ John Quincy Adams became the _sixth_ President of the USA. John Adams died on _July_ 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. _Jefferson_ Jefferson had died earlier that same day. They were the only two _signers_ of the Declaration of Independence that were elected _citizen_ of the USA. 

George Frost Kennan

George Frost Kennan

Time-line:

• 1904 - born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, America.
• 1921-1925 - studying at Princeton University.
• 1927 - took his first job as a temporary vice-consul in Geneva.
• 1929 - study Russian at the University of Berlin's Seminar fur Orientalische Sprachen.
• 1931 - married Annelise Srenson.
• 1932 - went to Moscow with Ambassador William C. Bullitt as a translator.
• 1934-1937 - posted to the Moscow embassy.
• 1938 - posted to the Prague embassy.
• 1939 - posted to the Berlin embassy.
• 1939- 1941 - was interned in Germany.
• 1945 - returned to Moscow.
• 1946 - wrote  a long telegram to America government, it is the most famous communication in the history of the State Department.
• 1946 - recalled to Washington as deputy commandant for foreign affairs at National War College, and wrote the 'X-Article'.
• 1947 - designed the 'Marshall Plan' with Will Clayton and Chip Bohlem.
• 1950 - pointed as director of policy planning.
• 1950 - took a position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.
• 1952 - returned to the diplomatic service as the US ambassador to Moscow.
• 1956 - published 'Russia Leaves the War'.
• 1961 - appointed to Yugoslavia as a US ambassador.
• 1963 - resigned from the State Department, US.
• 1967 - published his first volume of memoirs.
• 1989 - awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
• 2005 - died in Princeton, New Jersey.

Turning Point:

• He enrolled at Princeton University in 1921 and graduated in 1925, Kennan later said that 'Princeton had prepared my mind for further growth.
• Kennan concluded that he could best be satisfied by a career in the Foreign Service.
• On 13 December 1931, the first ambassador William C. Bullitt went to Moscow with Kennan, the trip lasted ten days in total but it began a lifelong fascination with Russia.
• Frustrated by the Truman administration's inability, Kennan cabled Washington a six-thousand-word long telegram about Stalin's Soviet Union's threat.

Achievement:

• A temporary vice-consul in Geneva.
• Became fluent in German and Russian.
• Member of embassy of Moscow, Prague, Berlin.
• Counselor at the American Legation in Lisbon, Portugal.
• His telegram was the most famous communication in the history of the State Department.
• Published an essay in Foreign Affairs titled 'The Sources of Soviet Conduct'.
• One of the people designing the Marshall Plan.
• The director of Policy Planning Staff.
• Worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.
• Ambassador of the US to Moscow.
• Ambassador of the US to Yugoslavia.
• Won the Bancroft Prize, the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award for non-fiction and the Francis Parkman Prize.
• Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honour.

Link:

       http://www.anb.org/articles/07/07-00871.html

Nelson Mandela's turning points and achievements

Short Biography Nelson Mandela

 Turning Points: 

1. Whilst at university Nelson Mandela became increasingly aware of the unjust nature of South African Society.
2. Mandela had to resign from the ANC and work underground.
3. In 1960 the Sharpeville massacre of 63 black South African’s changed the whole political climate.
4. 1962 Mandela had been arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in the notorious Robben Island prison. 
5. Negotiations were painfully slow and difficult, they eventually led to Mandela’s release in 1990.

Personal Achievement:

1.   A Lawyer;
2.    In 1952 Mandela and Tambo opened the first Black Law   firm in South Africa.  
3.   Member of ANC;
4.   Defend his own trial and won;
5.   The first democratically elected State President of South   Africa;
6.   He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Fred Hollows (1929 - 1993) TIMELINE:

Fred Hollows (1929 - 1993) TIMELINE:

• 1929 --- was born in New Zealand.
• 1960 --- got a job in Australia.
• 1965 --- head of the Eye Department at a Sydney hospital.
• In the 1970's --- launch a national program to attack eye disease in Aboriginal Australians. 
• 1980 --- travelling all over the world to help set up eye health programs in developing countries. 
• 1989 --- Had a cancer.
• 1993 --- died at home.

GLADYS ELPHICK, (1904-1988), Timeline:

GLADYS ELPHICK, (1904-1988), Timeline:

• 1904 --- was born in Australia.
• 1922 --- married with her first husband Walter Stanford Hughes.
• 1937 --- first husband died.
• 1939 --- moved to Adelaide.
• 1949 --- married with her second husband Frederick Joseph Elphick.
• The 1940s --- joined the Aborigines Advancement League of South Australia.
• The 1960s --- served the Aborigines Advancement League of South Australia's activities.
• 1964 - 1973 --- a funding president of the Council of Aboriginal Women of South Australia.
• 1967 --- campaigned for the `Yes' vote in the 1967 referendum that ensured Federal responsibility for Aborigines.
• 1973 --- was elected be a life member of the centre.
• 1977 --- was a founder of the Aboriginal Medical Service.
• 1966-1977 --- was a member of the South Australian Aboriginal Affairs Board.
• 1971 ---  appointed MBE.
• 1973 --- establish the college of Aboriginal Education.
• 1984 --- was named South Australian Aborigine of the Year. 
• 1988 --- died at Daw Park, Adelaide.

Graph

TASK 1

TASK 2

MIGRANT BIRTHRATES CHANGING AUSTRALIA

NOTES:

* Birth rate is such topic in our time that politicians are too afraid to take about it.
* Mark Steyn said, low birth rates is a pressing problem in Western societies.
* He suggests the immigration may solve the problem.
* The population transformation is the most attractive question of our times.
* He discussed with the PM about the problem, but he felt the PM's will to solve the problem not that much.
* Because of the large amount of immigration, the western societies don't need to rely on the birth rate too much.
* The birth rate of women born in Middle East is much higher then Australian-born women.
* Residences with high birth rates are migrant suburbs.

SUMMARY:

The low birth rate such a pressing problem in the Western societies that politicians are too afraid to talk about it. However, large number of migrations may solve the problem. In addition, for example, women born in Middle East have much higher birth rate then women born in Australia. At the same time the expansion of immigration could change the cultural structure of Western societies. At last, the situation not only occurs in Sydney, but also exist and may be worse in Western and European nations.

PERSONAL REFLECTION:

In my opinion, the immigration could be a solution to labour shortage. but like every coin has two sides, it might change the original culture. Therefore, the government should acknowledge and realise such changes and be prepared to deal with any situation that may happens.

links:

http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/subscribe/news/1/index.html?sourceCode=DTWEB_WRE170_a&mode=premium&dest=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/migrant-birthrates-are-changing-australia-average-birthrate-below-replacement-level/news-story/d338b796906263715686d6771fae90be&memtype=anonymous