George Frost Kennan

George Frost Kennan

Time-line:

• 1904 - born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, America.
• 1921-1925 - studying at Princeton University.
• 1927 - took his first job as a temporary vice-consul in Geneva.
• 1929 - study Russian at the University of Berlin's Seminar fur Orientalische Sprachen.
• 1931 - married Annelise Srenson.
• 1932 - went to Moscow with Ambassador William C. Bullitt as a translator.
• 1934-1937 - posted to the Moscow embassy.
• 1938 - posted to the Prague embassy.
• 1939 - posted to the Berlin embassy.
• 1939- 1941 - was interned in Germany.
• 1945 - returned to Moscow.
• 1946 - wrote  a long telegram to America government, it is the most famous communication in the history of the State Department.
• 1946 - recalled to Washington as deputy commandant for foreign affairs at National War College, and wrote the 'X-Article'.
• 1947 - designed the 'Marshall Plan' with Will Clayton and Chip Bohlem.
• 1950 - pointed as director of policy planning.
• 1950 - took a position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.
• 1952 - returned to the diplomatic service as the US ambassador to Moscow.
• 1956 - published 'Russia Leaves the War'.
• 1961 - appointed to Yugoslavia as a US ambassador.
• 1963 - resigned from the State Department, US.
• 1967 - published his first volume of memoirs.
• 1989 - awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
• 2005 - died in Princeton, New Jersey.

Turning Point:

• He enrolled at Princeton University in 1921 and graduated in 1925, Kennan later said that 'Princeton had prepared my mind for further growth.
• Kennan concluded that he could best be satisfied by a career in the Foreign Service.
• On 13 December 1931, the first ambassador William C. Bullitt went to Moscow with Kennan, the trip lasted ten days in total but it began a lifelong fascination with Russia.
• Frustrated by the Truman administration's inability, Kennan cabled Washington a six-thousand-word long telegram about Stalin's Soviet Union's threat.

Achievement:

• A temporary vice-consul in Geneva.
• Became fluent in German and Russian.
• Member of embassy of Moscow, Prague, Berlin.
• Counselor at the American Legation in Lisbon, Portugal.
• His telegram was the most famous communication in the history of the State Department.
• Published an essay in Foreign Affairs titled 'The Sources of Soviet Conduct'.
• One of the people designing the Marshall Plan.
• The director of Policy Planning Staff.
• Worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.
• Ambassador of the US to Moscow.
• Ambassador of the US to Yugoslavia.
• Won the Bancroft Prize, the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award for non-fiction and the Francis Parkman Prize.
• Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honour.

Link:

       http://www.anb.org/articles/07/07-00871.html

Nelson Mandela's turning points and achievements

Short Biography Nelson Mandela

 Turning Points: 

1. Whilst at university Nelson Mandela became increasingly aware of the unjust nature of South African Society.
2. Mandela had to resign from the ANC and work underground.
3. In 1960 the Sharpeville massacre of 63 black South African’s changed the whole political climate.
4. 1962 Mandela had been arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in the notorious Robben Island prison. 
5. Negotiations were painfully slow and difficult, they eventually led to Mandela’s release in 1990.

Personal Achievement:

1.   A Lawyer;
2.    In 1952 Mandela and Tambo opened the first Black Law   firm in South Africa.  
3.   Member of ANC;
4.   Defend his own trial and won;
5.   The first democratically elected State President of South   Africa;
6.   He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Fred Hollows (1929 - 1993) TIMELINE:

Fred Hollows (1929 - 1993) TIMELINE:

• 1929 --- was born in New Zealand.
• 1960 --- got a job in Australia.
• 1965 --- head of the Eye Department at a Sydney hospital.
• In the 1970's --- launch a national program to attack eye disease in Aboriginal Australians. 
• 1980 --- travelling all over the world to help set up eye health programs in developing countries. 
• 1989 --- Had a cancer.
• 1993 --- died at home.

GLADYS ELPHICK, (1904-1988), Timeline:

GLADYS ELPHICK, (1904-1988), Timeline:

• 1904 --- was born in Australia.
• 1922 --- married with her first husband Walter Stanford Hughes.
• 1937 --- first husband died.
• 1939 --- moved to Adelaide.
• 1949 --- married with her second husband Frederick Joseph Elphick.
• The 1940s --- joined the Aborigines Advancement League of South Australia.
• The 1960s --- served the Aborigines Advancement League of South Australia's activities.
• 1964 - 1973 --- a funding president of the Council of Aboriginal Women of South Australia.
• 1967 --- campaigned for the `Yes' vote in the 1967 referendum that ensured Federal responsibility for Aborigines.
• 1973 --- was elected be a life member of the centre.
• 1977 --- was a founder of the Aboriginal Medical Service.
• 1966-1977 --- was a member of the South Australian Aboriginal Affairs Board.
• 1971 ---  appointed MBE.
• 1973 --- establish the college of Aboriginal Education.
• 1984 --- was named South Australian Aborigine of the Year. 
• 1988 --- died at Daw Park, Adelaide.